Background. Inhalation trauma remains one of the most common and complex condition to be treated. Fibrobronchoscopic sanitation plays a significant role in the complex therapy of patients with inhalation trauma, allowing purulent necrotic discharge, soot and combustion products to be removed from the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree. We proposed a method for local treatment of mucosal lesions in inhalation trauma based on early endoscopic sanitation of the tracheobronchial tree with solutions of antiseptics followed by application of human type 1 collagen solution.

Aim of study. To assess the effect of early fibroblochoscopic sanitation with application of human-type collagen 1 on the timing of epithelialization of the damaged tracheal and bronchial mucosa in patients with inhalation trauma.

Material and methods. The study included 59 patients with inhalation trauma of 2–3 degree. All patients from the first day after the trauma underwent bronchoscopic sanitation in accordance with the standards of medical care. Immediately after the removal of soot, the solution of human-type collagen 1 was applied in patients of the main group, obtained from ligaments and tendons by the acid extraction method. The dynamics of the reparative process was evaluated on the basis of the endoscopic study and according to a series of morphological studies of the biopsy material obtained in the course of fibrobronchoscopy.

Results. Complete epithelization of erosions of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi in patients with inhalation trauma of 2 degree occurred significantly earlier (3 (2; 6) days) than without its application (7 (4; 9) day) (n1 =15; n2 =21; U=49.5; p=0.0004). In patients with inhalation trauma of 3 degree, epithelialization time was reduced from 17 (12; 22) days in the comparison group to 7 (6; 9) days in the main group (n1 =14; n2 =9; U=1; p=0.001). According to the morphological study, a characteristic feature of the fibrobronchoscopic sanitation with the human collagen type 1 was the absence of purulent inflammation of the trachea and bronchial wall.

Conclusion. In the study, it was statistically proved that the early fibrobrochoscopic sanitation and application of the human collagen type 1 solution for acute lesions of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi twice accelerates epithelialization of mucosal lesions without the development of purulent inflammation. 

Background. A persistently high mortality rate of patients with pancreatitis is the result of multiple organ failure which is in many aspects associated with developing endogenous intoxication. Pancreatic encephalopathy is one of particular manifestations of this syndrome.

Aim of study: to determine severity of cerebral dysfunction in cases of acute destructive pancreatitis, to assess the efficacy of laser therapy for this disease.

Material and methods: The research is based on the results of clinical studies, carried out at the Republican Clinical Hospital No.3. Clinical laboratory analysis of 60 patients was conducted. The patients were randomly split into two equal groups: the comparison group (standard therapy) and the basic group (standard therapy and laser therapy). The patients were examined upon admission to hospital and in dynamics (day 1, 3, 5, and 7). The severity of cerebral dysfunction was assessed within controlled terms with the help of RASS and psychometric tests: number connection tests (A and B), “Point in circle”, “Labyrinth”, test of symbols and numbers. The level of endogenous intoxication was evaluated by the amount of hydrophilic (middle molecules) and hydrophobic (common and effective albumin concentration) component.

Results. Acute severe pancreatitis led to a marked endogenous intoxication, which manifested itself as an increase in medium molecular weight peptides, decrease in common and effective albumin concentration, growth of toxicity index with regard to normal indices. During all research period the basic group (laser therapy) there was a decrease in medium molecular weight peptides, significant increase in common and effective albumin concentration and a decrease in index toxicity. Psychometric tests revealed a number of deviations from normal indices. At the beginning of the research, a reliable prolongation of time interval during examination tests (the number connection test B, “point in circle”, “Labyrinth”) was noted, and less cells were filled during symbol and number test with regard to normal indices. The subsequent analysis of psychometric tests of patients from the basic group revealed a shortening of time interval during number connection test block B, “Point in circle” and “Labyrinth”. More filled cells during symbol and numbers test were also observed.

Conclusion. Results of psychometric tests confirmed latent encephalopathy during endogenous intoxication, associated with acute severe pancreatitis. The laser therapy as a component of complex treatment promotes to decrease severity of endogenous intoxication and manifestation of encephalopathy. 

Background. The foot is a special anatomical structure in its complexity. A large number of articular and ligamentous structures provide effective amortization and adaptation to surface features when walking. At the same time, if it is damaged, restoration of its anatomic structure is significantly difficult for a surgeon and may cause a number of complications and consequences. These issues are significant in patients with multisystem and multiple trauma.

Aim of study. To identify the most common causes of unsatisfactory outcomes of treatment for foot injuries in patients with isolated, multiple and multisystem trauma.

Material and methods. Treatment of 216 patients was analyzed. We revealed 129 fractures of the calcaneus, 25 fractures of metatarsal bones and/or toes of the foot, 21 fractures of the talus, 18 Lisfranc lesions, 13 fractures of midfoot bones, and 10 multiple trauma of the foot. The multisystem trauma occurred in 38.4% of cases, isolated trauma of the foot was revealed in 36.7% and multiple injuries were observed in 24.9%. When evaluating the results, early and late complications were taken into account, and the functional outcome was determined by the Foot Function Index (FFI) after 6, 12 and 24 months.

Results. Among patients with closed fractures of the calcaneus, the problems of healing of the postoperative wound appeared in 3.5% of cases in operative treatment. The frequency of secondary displacements was 5.8%. By 24 months in patients after surgical and conservative treatment, similar functional outcomes were observed. Among patients with open fractures, skin necrosis occurred in 7 out of 25 cases and wound infection was observed in 15 cases. When fixing with wires, secondary displacement was observed in 4 cases out of 18. The average FFI score by 24 months was 59.5. In patients with forefoot fractures, wound healing complications occurred in 2 cases. The average score on the FFI scale was 93.7±8.1. In patients with fractures of the talus, wound complications were not noted, avascular necrosis (AVN) developed in 9 patients, osteoarthrosis (OA) developed in 15 cases. The average FFI after 2 years was 93.2±5.5 in patients without AVN and OA, and 63.6±23.1 in patients with AVN and/or OA. Among patients with midfoot trauma, infectious complications and secondary displacement were not observed. Osteoarthrosis occurred in 13 patients, including 8 patients with lesions of the Lisfranc joint. The difference in functional outcomes between patients with developed osteoarthrosis and without it differed in mean values, but was not statistically significant.

Conclusion. The causes of unsatisfactory outcomes of treatment for foot trauma are wound complications against the background of open fractures of the calcaneus, avascular necrosis of the talus and posttraumatic arthrosis of the foot joints. It is advisable to continue research to find the best algorithm for treatment in these cases. 

Background. In 30% of acute destructive appendicitis, the disease is accompanied by typhlitis, which makes it difficult to perform classical methods of appendiceal stump treatment.

Aim of study. To improve the way of appendiceal stump treatment in the destructive form of acute appendicitis complicated by significant typhlitis.

Material and methods. We studied 57 cases of acute destructive appendicitis complicated by typhlitis, which were divided into two groups depending on the method of treatment. The first group (comparison group) consisted of 30 patients who underwent a standard method for treating the appendiceal stump after appendectomy, such as ligation at the base and putting the stump into the cupula of the cecum and fixing it with interrupted serous-muscular sutures or with a purse and Z-shaped sutures. The second (main) group included 27 patients, who were treated by the method we proposed. The essence of the method is successive U-shaped stitching of the stump. After that, the stump curls in the form of a cochlea, peritonizes, reaching the necessary tightness without going into the cupula of the cecum. In this case, the abdominal cavity of patients in both groups was adequately sanitized and drained.

Results. In the first group of patients there were technical difficulties associated with immersion of the appendiceal stump, which caused the serous damage, hematoma of the cupula of the cecum in 7 (23.3%) patients. In the second group of patients, due to the developed method of forming the appendiceal stump, technical difficulties did not arise, there were no complications. The duration of appendectomy in the first group of patients with standart treatment (interrupted serous-muscular sutures or purse and Z-shaped stiches) was 28.7±5.4 minutes, and in the second group of patients appendectomy with stump management with the suggested method lasted 20.3±6.1 minutes, p <0.05, which reduced the operation time by 8 minutes on the average. Purulent-inflammatory wound complications in the first group were detected in 7 patients (23.3%), and in 1 (3.7%) patient of the second group, which is significantly less by 19.6%.

Conclusion. The proposed method is technically simple, as peritonization of the stump is performed without putting it into the cupula of the cecum. The use of this method is indicated in destructive forms of acute appendicitis complicated by severe typhlitis, which significantly reduces the operation trauma and contributes to reduction in the number of postoperative wound purulent-inflammatory complications by 19.6%. Findings The proposed method for treating the appendiceal stump during appendectomy for acute destructive appendicitis complicated by typhlitis is simple enough, reliable, characterized by low traumatism and shortens the duration of surgery by 8 minutes on the average (p <0.05). 

Background. Perfusion scintigraphy reveals perfusion defects in the occlusion of pulmonary vessels of any caliber and makes it possible to quantify pulmonary blood flow disorders, which allows the method to be used for the comparison of the thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy efficacy in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Aim of study .To compare the efficacy of thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in the dynamics of pulmonary perfusion disorders.

Study Design. A prospective non-randomized study. The quantitative result of pulmonary perfusion deficiency obtained during perfusion scintigraphy was compared in patients with pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolytics or anticoagulants before treatment and in dynamics. The dynamics was evaluated the next day after administration of thrombolytics and on day 4–5 after initiating anticoagulant therapy. Preliminary analysis of these parameters in the group with anticoagulant therapy a day after the start of administration (by analogy with TLT) revealed no statistically significant differences.

Description of the method. Radionuclide and CT studies were performed on a hybrid system SPECT/CT “Discovery NM/CT 670” (GE, USA): perfusion was evaluated with 80–120 MBq of Macrotech 99mTc radiopharmaceutical (RP), CT angiography was performed with 70-100 ml of radiopaque substance “Visipaque.” To determine the total perfusion deficiency, each defect of accumulation with an area equal to the segment was taken as a perfusion deficiency of 5% (subsegmental — 2.5%), equal to the lower lobe — 25%, an area equal to the right lung — 55%, the left lung — 45%. 

Characteristics of the sample. The perfusion scintigraphy was performed in 381 cases out of 503 patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism of high/intermediate risk of early death, treated in the Intensive Care Unit for Surgical Patients from 2011 to 2016. In 166 cases out of 381, thrombolysis was performed; in 215 cases, an anticoagulant was prescribed. The groups did not differ in age and gender composition: 60±16 years; Me 61 (50; 71) and 62±15 years; Me 63 (53; 74); p=0.22, Mann-Whitney test; men/women: 73/93 and 89/126; p=0.68, the Fisher test.

Results of the study. In 96.1% (366/381), perfusion disorders were observed in both lungs; in 3.9% (15/381) there was a unilateral lesion. The comparison of the treatment efficacy was conducted in 169 patients: in 127 cases the next day after introduction of a thrombolytic and in 42 cases on day 4–5 of anticoagulant therapy. In the group with thrombolysis, the initial perfusion deficiency was statistically significantly higher than in the anticoagulant group: 50±10%; Me 50 (40; 60) vs. 39±10; Me 40 (30; 45); p<0.00001, the Mann–Whitney test. The level of pulmonary hypertension was also higher: the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was 56±17 Me 54 (45, 68) versus 40±24 Me 40 (22; 56); p<0.00001, the Mann–Whitney test. As a result of treatment, the perfusion deficiency statistically significantly decreased in both groups: in the group with TLT from 50±10%, Me 50 (40; 60) to 26±14%; Me 25 (15; 35); p<0.00000.1, Wilcoxon test; and in the treatment with anticoagulant it decreased from 39±10%, Me 40 (30; 45) to 23±15%; Me 15 (15; 30); p<0.0001, Wilcoxon test. In the TLT group, the perfusion disorders regression was stronger compared to ACT and was registered the next day after administration of a thrombolytic: the standardized effect Es=2.0 and Es=1.2. In the treatment with anticoagulants, statistically significant differences were detected only on day 4–5 from the beginning of its administration. The study power for both groups was 1.00. After thrombolysis the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery decreased statistically significantly within the next 24 hours: from 56±17 mmHg, Me 54 (45, 68) to 36±14 mmHg, Me 35 (25; 43); p=0.0002, Wilcoxon test; Es=1.3; P=1.00. With anticoagulant treatment, no statistically significant changes in pulmonary arterial pressure occurred 4-5 days after the initiation of treatment: 40±24 mmHg, Me 40 (22; 56) and 50±31 mm Hg, Me 48 (30; 58) ); p=0.72, Wilcoxon test.

Conclusion. The advantage of thrombolysis over anticoagulant therapy was the ability to improve pulmonary blood flow, reduce pulmonary hypertension, and stabilize the patients’ condition quickly. Anticoagulant therapy did not allow this effect to be achieved in a short time: the statistically significant reduction in pulmonary perfusion deficiency occurred only on day 4–5 of treatment and was less significant; the statistically significant regression of pulmonary hypertension did not occur at that time.

Proximal humeral fractures typically occur in elderly patients and lead to significant functional disorders. There are many different nonsurgical and surgical treatment options for these injuries, including immobilization and early physical therapy, percutaneous K-wires fixation, plate osteosynthesis, intramedullary nailing and shoulder arthroplasty. The choice of treatment depends on the fracture type and severity, surgeon skill level, patient’s age and health status. Today, there is no single algorithm for treating such injuries, there are no large randomized studies which allow it to be created. The aim of this article is to generalize various methods of treatment and diagnosis of fractures of the proximal humerus.

The results of treatment of 112 patients of elderly and senile age patients with non-metastatic gastric cancer, complicated by bleeding were analyzed. Most often bleedings occurred for stomach cancer stage III−IV. The tumor was commonly located in the gastric body. The vast majority of patients had only one complication — bleeding. In the second (control) group, there was no unified diagnostic and treatment algorithm, patients were usually operated urgently upon admission or in case of recurrent bleeding. The differential diagnostic and treatment algorithm was developed for patients of group I (main) taking into account the condition of a patient and the severity of bleeding or repeated bleeding. In the control group, the indications for emergency surgery were continued bleeding and inefficiency of endoscopic hemostasis. In the main group, the risk of recurrent bleeding was considered as well, and in case of high risk emergency surgery was performed after a full preoperative preparation. In addition, the cardial part or 2/3 of the stomach were not resected by reason of the deliberate non-radical tactics. It is worth noting that in the I group argon plasma coagulation, complemented by the hemostatic system EndoClot was used for endoscopic hemostasis. Through the use of the developed algorithm we managed to reliably reduce the frequency of complications from 50 to 28.5% (p<0.05), and mortality rate from 28.8 to 3.77% (p<0.001).

This article describes the prehospital resuscitation tactics depending on type of electrical activity in cardiac arrest. Typical tests are given as a tool for assimilating the complex of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the structure of postgraduate education.

Penetrating brain injury is a rare but serious type of brain trauma. This article describes a successful surgical treatment of a victim with a wound of the left temporal lobe, great vessels and cranial nerves. Patients with damageв structures of the middle cranial fossa have to undergo surgical treatment in a specialized hospital with the possibility of comprehensive preoperative examination the availability of intensive care for neurosurgical patients with a full range of necessary medicines. Effective hemostatic materials are to be used to prevent intraoperative bleeding. In the absence of hemostatic materials, the operation is impractical.