Этиология криптогенного инсульта

Ишемический инсульт является гетерогенным синдромом с множеством потенциально возможных этиологических факторов. Рутинная диагностика не всегда позволяет установить причину острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения (ОНМК), в таких случаях принято говорить о криптогенном ишемическом инсульте, частота которого составляет 20–40%. Категория пациентов с криптогенным инсультом впервые была охарактеризована и выделена в отдельную группу в базе данных Национального института неврологических заболеваний и инсульта США, а впоследствии в исследовании TOAST. Диагноз криптогенного инсульта, как правило, базируется на исключении хорошо известных причин ОНМК, таких как атеросклероз, нарушения ритма сердца, артериальная гипертензия. В связи со значительной вариабельностью понятия криптогенного инсульта в 2014 г. был введен термин ESUS (Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source — эмболический инсульт с неустановленным источником) и сформулированы критерии, которые четко характеризуют таких пациентов: нелакунарный инфаркт мозга по данным компьютерной и/или магнитно-резонансной томографии, отсутствие атеросклеротического поражения, стенозирующего инсультсвязанную артерию более чем на 50%, отсутствие источников кардиоэмболии высокого риска, отсутствие других причин инсульта, таких как диссекция артерии, питающей область инфаркта мозга, мигрень, артериит. Среди потенциальных причин и источников церебральной эмболии у пациентов с криптогенным инсультом должны быть рассмотрены сердце, вены нижних конечностей и таза, нестенозирующий атеросклероз брахиоцефальных артерий, атеромы дуги аорты, парадоксальная эмболия, неатеросклеротическая васкулопатия, моногенные заболевания, гиперкоагуляционные состояния и др. Следует отметить, что в доступной нам литературе имеется большое количество исследований, посвященных описанию возможных причин криптогенного инсульта, однако единые подходы к систематизации этиологических факторов и протокола обследования пациентов отсутствуют. Высокая частота развития криптогенного инсульта, значительная гетерогенность его этиопатогенетических механизмов, необходимость дифференцированных подходов ко вторичной профилактике данного типа ОНМК обуславливают актуальность дальнейших исследований при данной патологии.

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