nmpЖурнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь»Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care"2223-90222541-8017“N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine”nmp-88Research ArticleИСТОРИЯ НЕОТЛОЖНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫHISTORY OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE AND ANNIVERSARIESИСТОРИЯ НЕЙРОПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИHISTORY OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATIONВаракоН. А.VarakoN. A.

к.псих.н., доцент департамента психологии НИУВШЭ

nvarako@mail.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»; НИИ скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗ г. Москвы, МоскваРоссияNational Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow; Sklifosovsky research Institute for Emergency Medicine of Health Department of Moscow, MoscowRussian Federation201426032016034449Copyright © Варако Н.А., 20162016Варако Н.А.Varako N.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/88

РЕЗЮМЕ. В статье дан экскурс в историю нейропсихологической реабилитации. Обзор начинается с первых реабилитационных программ известных ученых-клиницистов Paul Broca и Shepherd Franz. Более подробно рассматривается экспериментальная работа Franz по восстановлению движений у обезьян и влияние активного движения или обездвиживания пораженных конечностей на восстановительный процесс. Особое внимание уделено идеям немецкого невролога и психиатра Kurt Goldstein, активно развивавшего идею ориентированности реабилитации на реальную жизнь и указывавшего на необходимость психологической помощи пациентам с мозговыми повреждениями.

Российская нейропсихологическая школа представлена именами ее основателей — Л.С. Выготского и А.Р. Лурия. Рассмотрены особенности организации высших психических функций и возможности их перестройки с помощью так называемого «психологического протезирования». История нейропсихологической реабилитации второй половины XX века представлена именами Y. Ben-Yishay, G. Prigatano, B. Wilson. Рассматривается идеология и методология целостного подхода к нейрореабилитации, роль активности самого пациента в реабилитационных мероприятиях, включение в реабилитационный процесс специалистов, родственников и близких больного. Кратко характеризуется новое направление в нейрореабилитации — лечение больных, находящихся в коме, в вегетативном состоянии, в тяжелом состоянии на этапе реанимации. 

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT. The article reviews the history of neuropsychological rehabilitation. It begins with the description of first rehabilitation programs developed by Paul Broca and Shepherd Franz. Franz’s experimental work for motor recovery in monkeys and correlation between active movement or affected limb immobilization and rehabilitation outcomes are described in further details. Special focus is given on ideas of famous German neurologist and psychiatrist Kurt Goldstein, who laid the foundation for modern approach in rehabilitation. Goldstein developed the idea of connection between rehabilitation and patient’s daily life. He also pointed out the necessity of psychological care of patients with brain damage.

Russian neuropsychological approach is presented by its founders L.S. Vygotskiy and A.R. Luriya. Aspects of higher mental processes structure and options of its correction such as “cognitive prosthesis” are described in the sense of the approach.

Y

Y. Ben-Yishay, G. Prigatano, B. Wilson represent neuropsychological rehabilitation of the second half of the 20th century. The idea of a holistic approach for rehabilitation consists of such important principles as patient’s active involvement in a process of rehabilitation, work of a special team of rehabilitation professionals, inclusion of patient’s family members. The short review of a new rehabilitation approach for patients in coma, vegetative states and critical patients under resuscitation is given. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.