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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care"</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-9022</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8017</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23934/2223-9022-2019-8-3-302-314</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nmp-691</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS OF LITERATURE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этиология криптогенного инсульта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Etiology of Cryptogenic Stroke</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6824-4114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рамазанов</surname><given-names>Г. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ramazanov</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рамазанов Ганипа Рамазанович - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий научным отделением неотложной неврологии и восстановительного лечения</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл., д. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ganipa R. Ramazanov - Head of the Department of Emergency Neurology and Rehabilitation</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ramazanovgr@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-3190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магомедов</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Magomedov</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магомедов Тимур Абдурахманович - врач-невролог отделения неврологии для больных с острыми нарушениями мозгового кровообращения с палатой реанимации и интенсивной терапии</p><p>Научное отделение неотложной неврологии и восстановительного лечения</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл., д. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timur A. Magomedov - Neurologist of the Department of Neurology for Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Accident with ICU</p><p>Department of Emergency Neurology and Rehabilitation</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-4077</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамидова</surname><given-names>Л. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamidova</surname><given-names>L. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хамидова Лайла Тимарбековна - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующая научным отделением ультразвуковых и функциональных методов исследований</p><p>Научное отделение неотложной неврологии и восстановительного лечения</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл., д. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Layla T. Khamidova - Head of the Scientific Department of Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics, Cand. Med. Sci.</p><p>Department of Emergency Neurology and Rehabilitation</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6973-4430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбалко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybalko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыбалко Наталья Владимировна - доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник научного отделения ультразвуковых и функциональных методов исследований</p><p>Научное отделение неотложной неврологии и восстановительного лечения</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл., д. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya V. Rybalko -  Leading Researcher, Scientific Department of Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics, Dr. Med. Sci.</p><p>Department of Emergency Neurology and Rehabilitation</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3292-8789</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петриков</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrikov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петриков Сергей Сергеевич - доктор медицинских наук, директор</p><p>Научное отделение неотложной неврологии и восстановительного лечения</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл., д. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey S. Petrikov - Director of N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of the Moscow Health Department, Professor of Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences</p><p>Department of Emergency Neurology and Rehabilitation</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-0762</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамалов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamalov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шамалов Николай Анатольевич - профессор, исполняющий обязанности директора</p><p>117513, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 10 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay A. Shamalov - Deputy Director of the Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences</p><p>1 b. 10, Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of the Moscow Health Department<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Федеральный центр цереброваскулярной патологии и инсульта» МЗ РФ<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>302</fpage><lpage>314</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рамазанов Г.Р., Магомедов Т.А., Хамидова Л.Т., Рыбалко Н.В., Петриков С.С., Шамалов Н.А., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рамазанов Г.Р., Магомедов Т.А., Хамидова Л.Т., Рыбалко Н.В., Петриков С.С., Шамалов Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ramazanov G.R., Magomedov T.A., Khamidova L.T., Rybalko N.V., Petrikov S.S., Shamalov N.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/691">https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/691</self-uri><abstract><p>Ишемический инсульт является гетерогенным синдромом с множеством потенциально возможных этиологических факторов. Рутинная диагностика не всегда позволяет установить причину острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения (ОНМК), в таких случаях принято говорить о криптогенном ишемическом инсульте, частота которого составляет 20–40%. Категория пациентов с криптогенным инсультом впервые была охарактеризована и выделена в отдельную группу в базе данных Национального института неврологических заболеваний и инсульта США, а впоследствии в исследовании TOAST. Диагноз криптогенного инсульта, как правило, базируется на исключении хорошо известных причин ОНМК, таких как атеросклероз, нарушения ритма сердца, артериальная гипертензия. В связи со значительной вариабельностью понятия криптогенного инсульта в 2014 г. был введен термин ESUS (Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source — эмболический инсульт с неустановленным источником) и сформулированы критерии, которые четко характеризуют таких пациентов: нелакунарный инфаркт мозга по данным компьютерной и/или магнитно-резонансной томографии, отсутствие атеросклеротического поражения, стенозирующего инсультсвязанную артерию более чем на 50%, отсутствие источников кардиоэмболии высокого риска, отсутствие других причин инсульта, таких как диссекция артерии, питающей область инфаркта мозга, мигрень, артериит. Среди потенциальных причин и источников церебральной эмболии у пациентов с криптогенным инсультом должны быть рассмотрены сердце, вены нижних конечностей и таза, нестенозирующий атеросклероз брахиоцефальных артерий, атеромы дуги аорты, парадоксальная эмболия, неатеросклеротическая васкулопатия, моногенные заболевания, гиперкоагуляционные состояния и др. Следует отметить, что в доступной нам литературе имеется большое количество исследований, посвященных описанию возможных причин криптогенного инсульта, однако единые подходы к систематизации этиологических факторов и протокола обследования пациентов отсутствуют. Высокая частота развития криптогенного инсульта, значительная гетерогенность его этиопатогенетических механизмов, необходимость дифференцированных подходов ко вторичной профилактике данного типа ОНМК обуславливают актуальность дальнейших исследований при данной патологии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ischemic stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome with a plurality of potential etiological factors. The routine diagnosis does not always allow the cause of acute cerebrovascular accident to be found, in such cases we talk about cryptogenic ischemic stroke, which incidence is 20-40%. The category of patients with cryptogenic stroke was first characterized and assigned to a separate group in the database of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke in the USA, and later in the TOAST study. The diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke is usually based on the exclusion of well-known causes of acute cerebrovascular accidents, such as atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, arterial hypertension. Due to the considerable variability of concepts for cryptogenic stroke, the term ESUS (Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source) appeared in 2014 and formulated criteria which accurately characterized these patients: non-lacunar cerebral infarction by CT and/or MRI, no atherosclerotic lesion stenosing a stroke-associated artery of more than 50%, no sources of high-risk cardioembolism, no other causes of stroke such as dissection of the artery supplying the area of infarction in the brain, migraine, arteritis. Among the potential causes and sources of cerebral embolism in patients with cryptogenic stroke are heart, veins of lower extremities and pelvis, nonstenosing atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic artery, atheroma of aortic arch, paradoxical embolism non-atherosclerotic vasculopathy, monogenic diseases, hypercoagulable states, and others. We should note that there is a lot of studies on the possible causes of cryptogenic stroke in the available literature, but no common approach to classification of etiologic factors and examination algorythms were developed. The high incidence of cryptogenic stroke, the significant heterogeneity of its etiopathogenetic mechanisms and the need for differentiated approaches to the secondary prevention of this type of acute cerebrovascular accident determine the relevance of further studies in this field.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криптогенный инсульт</kwd><kwd>парадоксальная эмболия</kwd><kwd>открытое овальное окно</kwd><kwd>болезнь Фабри</kwd><kwd>атерома аорты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cryptogenic stroke</kwd><kwd>paradoxical embolism</kwd><kwd>open oval window</kwd><kwd>Fabry disease</kwd><kwd>aortic atheroma</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. 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