<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care"</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-9022</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8017</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23934/2223-9022-2026-15-1-59-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nmp-2364</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биомаркеры системного воспаления в оценке эффективности экстракорпоральных методов гемокоррекции при лечении абдоминального сепсиса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in Assessing the Efficacy of Extracorporeal Hemocorrection in the Treatment of Abdominal Sepsis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3516-5492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никитина Ольга Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии.</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Nikitina - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy and Intensive Care.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitinaov@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-6809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никулина</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikulina</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никулина Валентина Петровна - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунологии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valentina P. Nikulina - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sa-to@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-2283</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рей</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rey</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рей Сергей Игоревич - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Rey - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy, and Intensive Care.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fanwal@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-9461</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забродская</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabrodskaya</surname><given-names>Ya. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Забродская Яна Владимировна - заведующая отделением реанимации и интенсивной терапии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana V. Zabrodskaya - Head, Intensive Care Unit.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yzabrodskaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6736-9265</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авфуков</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avfukov</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авфуков Владимир Иванович - кандидат медицинских наук, научный консультант отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Avfukov - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Scientific Consultant, Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy, and Intensive Care.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avfukov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1270-5414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярцев</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yartsev</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ярцев Петр Андреевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделением неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr A. Yartsev - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head, Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy, and Intensive Care.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">79262265893@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4008-6462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедев Александр Георгиевич - доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander G. Lebedev - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Chief Researcher, Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy, and Intensive Care.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lebedev_ag@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-295X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецов Сергей Николаевич - заведующий отделением реанимации и интенсивной терапии для больных с эндотоксикозами ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Kuznetsov - Head, Intensive Care Department for Patients with Endotoxicosis.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzy-dok@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-8071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюченко</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyuchenko</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Костюченко Игорь Борисович - врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии ГБУЗ «НИИ СП им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ».</p><p>129090, Москва, Б. Сухаревская пл, д.3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor B. Kostyuchenko - Anesthesiologist-Resuscitator, Intensive Care Unit.</p><p>B. Sukharevskaya Sq. 3, Moscow, 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ig.kostyu4enko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Никитина О.В., Никулина В.П., Рей С.И., Забродская В.И., Авфуков В.И., Ярцев П.А., Лебедев А.Г., Кузнецов С.Н., Костюченко И.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никитина О.В., Никулина В.П., Рей С.И., Забродская В.И., Авфуков В.И., Ярцев П.А., Лебедев А.Г., Кузнецов С.Н., Костюченко И.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikitina O.V., Nikulina V.P., Rey S.I., Zabrodskaya Y.V., Avfukov V.I., Yartsev P.A., Lebedev A.G., Kuznetsov S.N., Kostyuchenko I.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/2364">https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/2364</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение Такие биомаркеры, как прокальцитонин (ПКТ), С-реактивный белок (СРБ), пресепсин (ПСП) и интерлейкин-6 (ИЛ-6) тесно ассоциированы с системным воспалением. Результаты их тестирования были исследованы для выявления преимущества раннего применения методов экстракор­поральной гемокоррекции (ЭКГК) в лечении абдоминального сепсиса.</p><p>Цель исследования Провести анализ результатов одновременного тестирования биомаркеров ПКТ, СРБ, ПСП и ИЛ-6, исследовать связь между начальными оценками уровня биомаркеров в крови и исходом заболевания; выяснить, имелись ли отличия этой связи при применении в лечении абдоминального сепсиса методов ЭКГК.</p><sec><title>Проверяемая гипотеза</title><p>Проверяемая гипотеза: применение методов ЭКГК в ранние сроки лечения абдоминального сепсиса имеет преимущество для выживания.</p></sec><sec><title>Дизайн исследования</title><p>Дизайн исследования</p></sec><sec><title>Проспективное когортное</title><p>Проспективное когортное.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы</p></sec><sec><title>Описание метода</title><p>Описание метода. В двух временных точках — в 1-е сутки после операции и через 5 суток интенсивной терапии — производили забор крови для определения уровня биомаркеров системного воспаления. Анализировали связь между начальными оценками уровня биомаркеров в крови и исходом заболевания, динамику изменения через 5 суток интенсивной терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>Характеристика выборки</title><p>Характеристика выборки. В исследование вошли 113 пациентов после экстренной лапаротомии в связи с распространённым перитонитом, абдоминальным сепсисом в возрасте от 23 до 90 лет. По гендерному признаку — 67 мужчин, 46 женщин. В 50 случаях (группа 1) в ранние сроки проводилась ЭКГК; в 63 случаях методы ЭКГК не использовались (группа 2).</p><p>Результаты исследования Начальная оценка уровня ПКТ и ПСП была статистически значимо и сильно ассоциирована с исходом заболевания; связь была прямой для негативного исхода и обратной — для позитивного. На каждую единицу (мкг/мл) ПКТ шанс выжить снижался в 0,016 раза (ОШ=0,984; 95% ДИ 0,974–0,994) и в 25,7 раза на всём диапазоне значений (ОШ=0,0389; 95% ДИ 0,0049–0,3050). На каждую единицу (пг/мл) ПСП шанс благоприятного исхода снижался в 1,00046 раза (ОШ=0,99954; 95% ДИ 0,99919–0,99988) и в 117,6 раза на всём диапазоне (ОШ=0,0085; 95% ДИ 0,0002–0,2982). AUC 0,762; 95% ДИ 0,670–0,855 и 0,776; 95% ДИ 0,682–0,870.</p><p>Раннее применение методов ЭКГК повышало выживаемость пациентов с высоким исходным уровнем ПКТ и ПСП. При стандартной терапии сепсиса шансы выжить были в 1,040 раза ниже на каждую единицу ПКТ и в 1,0006 раза ниже на каждую единицу ПСП; в 2387 раза ниже на диапазоне значений ПКТ и 1,5 раза ниже на диапазоне значений ПСП по сравнению с применением в лечении методов ЭКГК.</p><p>Проведение методов ЭКГК позволило выжить пациентам с более высоким начальным уровнем ПКТ (Ме 29,4 (11,0–71,4) нг/мл против Ме 4,9 (2,1—10,5) нг/мл, р=0,000001) и ПСП (Ме 891 (504; 1686) пг/мл против 386 (200; 848), р=0,007) по сравнению с больными, в лечении которых ЭКГК не применяли.</p><p>В отличие от ПКТ, СРБ и ИЛ-6 повышенный уровень ПСП не снижался при проведении методов ЭКГК (р=0,38), а при стандартной терапии сепсиса снижение было статистически значимым (р&lt;0,001). Проведение методов ЭКГК предположительно способствует поддержанию повышенного уровня ПСП в крови.</p><p>Появление после лечения методами ЭКГК высоко статистически значимой положительной средней силы корреляционной связи ИЛ-6 с ПКТ, ПСП, СРБ (р=0,001, р=0,00008, р=0,0003), оценками по индексам APACHE II и SOFA (р=0,000007 и р=0,000006) и отсутствие подобных связей в группе стандартной терапии в обеих точках тестирования может указывать на позитивное влияние ЭКГК для стабилизации межклеточных отношений, синхронизации работы адаптивных механизмов.</p><p>Начальная оценка уровня СРБ в крови не была ассоциирована с исходом.</p><p>Заключение Из четырёх протестированных биомаркеров прокальцитонин лучше всего выявил эффективность применения методов экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции при лечении абдоминального сепсиса. Исследование выявило необычное влияние методов экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции на пресепсин. Был отмечен эффект появления высоко статистически значимой положительной связи интерлейкина-6 с прокальцитонином, пресепсином, С-реактивным белком, оценками по индексам APACHE II и SOFA после лечения методами экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Biomarkers such as procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), presepsin (PSP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are closely associated with systemic inflammation. The results of their testing were analyzed to determine the benefits of early use of extracorporeal hemocorrection (ECHC) in the treatment of abdominal sepsis.</p><p>The Aim of the study was to analyze the results of simultaneous testing of PCT, CRP, PSP, and IL-6 biomarkers; to investigate the association between initial blood biomarker levels and disease outcome; to determine whether this relationship differed when using ECHC in the treatment of abdominal sepsis.</p><p>Hypothesis tested the early use of ECHC in the treatment of abdominal sepsis has a survival advantage.</p><p>Study design prospective cohor</p><p>Material and methods Method description. Blood samples were taken at two time points — on the first postoperative day and after 5 days of intensive care — to determine systemic inflammation biomarkers. We analyzed the association between initial blood biomarker levels and outcome, as well as their dynamics after 5 days of intensive care.</p><p>Sample characteristics. The study included 113 patients aged 23 to 90 years who underwent emergency laparotomy due to disseminated peritonitis and abdominal sepsis. The gender distribution was 67 men and 46 women. In 50 cases (group 1), ECHC was performed early; in 63 cases (group 2), ECHC was not used.</p><p>Results Baseline PCT and PSP levels were statistically significantly and strongly associated with disease outcome; the relationship was direct for a negative outcome and inverse for a positive one. For each unit (mcg/ml) of PCT, the chance of survival decreased by 0.016 times (OR=0.984; 95% CI 0.974–0.994) and by 25.7 times over the entire range of values (OR=0.0389; 95% CI 0.0049–0.3050). For each unit (pg/mL) of PSP, the odds of a favorable outcome decreased by 1.00046 times (OR=0.99954; 95% CI 0.99919–0.99988) and by 117.6 times across the entire range (OR=0.0085; 95% CI 0.0002–0.2982). AUC 0.762; 95% CI 0.670–0.855 and 0.776; 95% CI 0.682–0.870.</p><p>Early use of ECHC increased survival in patients with high baseline PCT and PSP levels. With standard sepsis therapy, the chances of survival were 1.040 times lower for each unit of PCT and 1.0006 times lower for each unit of PSP; 2387 times lower across the range of PCT values and 1.5 times lower across the range of PSP values compared to the use of ECHC in treatment.</p><p>The use of ECHC allowed the survival of patients with higher initial levels of PCT (Me 29.4 (11.0–71.4) ng/ml versus Me 4.9 (2.1–10.5) ng/ml, p=0.000001) and PSP (Me 891 (504; 1686) pg/ml versus 386 (200; 848), p=0.007) compared to patients in whose treatment ECHC was not used.</p><p>Unlike PCT, CRP, and IL-6, elevated PSP levels did not decrease with ECHC (p=0.38), while with standard sepsis therapy, the decrease was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). Conducting ECHC presumably contributes to maintaining elevated blood PSP levels.</p><p>The emergence of a highly statistically significant positive moderate correlation between IL-6 and PCT, PSP, CRP (p=0.001, p=0.00008, p=0.0003), as well as APACHE II and SOFA scores (p=0.000007 and p=0.000006) after treatment using ECG, and the absence of similar correlations in the standard therapy group at both testing points, may indicate a positive effect of ECHC in stabilizing intercellular relationships and synchronizing adaptive mechanisms.</p><p>Baseline CRP levels were not associated with outcome.</p><p>Conclusion Of the four biomarkers tested, procalcitonin best predicted the effectiveness of extracorporeal hemocorrection in the treatment of abdominal sepsis. The study revealed an unusual effect of extracorporeal hemocorrection on presepsin. A highly statistically significant positive association was observed between interleukin-6 and procalcitonin, presepsin, C-reactive protein, and APACHE II and SOFA scores after treatment with extracorporeal hemocorrection.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>септический шок</kwd><kwd>летальность</kwd><kwd>экстракорпоральная гемокоррекция</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>прокальцитонин</kwd><kwd>С-реактивный белок</kwd><kwd>пресепсин</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин-6</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>septic shock</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>blood purification</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>procalcitonin</kwd><kwd>C-reactive protein</kwd><kwd>presepsin</kwd><kwd>interleukin-6</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование не имеет спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study has no sponsorship</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K. Sepsis: molecular mechanisms underlying lipopolysaccharide recognition. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2004;6(4):1,18. PMID: 14987416 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1462399404007409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triantafilou M, Triantafilou K. Sepsis: molecular mechanisms underlying lipopolysaccharide recognition. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2004;6(4):1,18. PMID: 14987416 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1462399404007409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(9):840–851. PMID: 23984731 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(9):840–851. PMID: 23984731 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moriyama К, Nishida О. Targeting Cytokines, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Sepsis via Blood Purification. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8882. PMID: 34445610 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168882</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moriyama К, Nishida О. Targeting Cytokines, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Sepsis via Blood Purification. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8882. PMID: 34445610 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168882</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ронко К., Пиччинни П., Рознер М.Г. (ред.) Эндотоксемия и эндотоксический шок. патогенез, диагностика и лечение. Москва: Балабанов И.Б.; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronko K, Pichchinni P, Rozner MG (eds.) Endotoksemiya i endotoksicheskiy shok. patogenez, diagnostika i lechenie. Moscow: Balabanov I.B. Publ.; 2012. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao Z, Wilson C, Robertson HL, Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Jenne CN, et al. Inflammatory mediators in intraabdominal sepsis or injury, a scoping review. Crit Care. 2015;27;19:373. PMID: 26502877 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054,015,1093,4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao Z, Wilson C, Robertson HL, Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Jenne CN, et al. Inflammatory mediators in intraabdominal sepsis or injury, a scoping review. Crit Care. 2015;27;19:373. PMID: 26502877 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054,015,1093,4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barichello T, Generoso JS, Singer M, Dal Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis – a narrative review. Crit Care. 2022;6;26(1):14. PMID: 34991675 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054,021,03862,5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barichello T, Generoso JS, Singer M, Dal Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis – a narrative review. Crit Care. 2022;6;26(1):14. PMID: 34991675 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054,021,03862,5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cong S, Ma T, Di X, Tian C, Zhao M, Wang K. Diagnostic value of neutrophil CD64, procalcitonin, and interleukin,6 in sepsis: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;26;21(1):384. PMID: 33902476 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879,021,06064,0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cong S, Ma T, Di X, Tian C, Zhao M, Wang K. Diagnostic value of neutrophil CD64, procalcitonin, and interleukin,6 in sepsis: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;26;21(1):384. PMID: 33902476 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879,021,06064,0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Bisdorff M, Marshall JC, Vincent JL. Biomarkers of sepsis: time for a reappraisal. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):287. PMID: 32503670 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054,020,02993,5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Bisdorff M, Marshall JC, Vincent JL. Biomarkers of sepsis: time for a reappraisal. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):287. PMID: 32503670 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054,020,02993,5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faix JD. Biomarkers of sepsis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2013;50(1):23,36. PMID: 23480440 https://doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2013.764490</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faix JD. Biomarkers of sepsis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2013;50(1):23,36. PMID: 23480440 https://doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2013.764490</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hung SK, Lan HM, Han ST, Wu CC, Chen KF. Current Evidence and Limitation of Biomarkers for Detecting Sepsis and Systemic Infection. Biomedicines. 2020;8(11):494. PMID: 33198109 https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8110494</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hung SK, Lan HM, Han ST, Wu CC, Chen KF. Current Evidence and Limitation of Biomarkers for Detecting Sepsis and Systemic Infection. Biomedicines. 2020;8(11):494. PMID: 33198109 https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8110494</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhart K, Bauer M, Riedemann NC, Hartog CS. New Approaches to Sepsis: Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarkers. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(4):609–634. PMID: 23034322 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00016,12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhart K, Bauer M, Riedemann NC, Hartog CS. New Approaches to Sepsis: Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarkers. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(4):609–634. PMID: 23034322 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00016,12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Biochem. 2018;120(4):5852–5859. PMID: 30417415 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Biochem. 2018;120(4):5852–5859. PMID: 30417415 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Velissaris D, Zareifopoulos N, Karamouzos V, Karanikolas E, Pierrakos C, Koniari I, et al. Presepsin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e15019. PMID: 34150378 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velissaris D, Zareifopoulos N, Karamouzos V, Karanikolas E, Pierrakos C, Koniari I, et al. Presepsin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e15019. PMID: 34150378 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piccioni A, Santoro MC, de Cunzo T, Tullo G, Cicchinelli S, Saviano A, et al. Presepsin as Early Marker of Sepsis in Emergency Department: A Narrative Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;29;57(8):770. PMID: 34440976 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080770</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piccioni A, Santoro MC, de Cunzo T, Tullo G, Cicchinelli S, Saviano A, et al. Presepsin as Early Marker of Sepsis in Emergency Department: A Narrative Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;29;57(8):770. PMID: 34440976 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080770</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galliera E, Massaccesi L, de Vecchi E, Banfi G, Romanelli MMC. Clinical application of presepsin as diagnostic biomarker of infection: overview and updates. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;58(1):11,17. PMID: 31421036 https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm,2019,0643</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galliera E, Massaccesi L, de Vecchi E, Banfi G, Romanelli MMC. Clinical application of presepsin as diagnostic biomarker of infection: overview and updates. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;58(1):11,17. PMID: 31421036 https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm,2019,0643</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McElvaney OJ, Curley GF, Rose-John S, McElvaney NG. Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(6):643–654. PMID: 33872590 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213,2600(21)00103,X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McElvaney OJ, Curley GF, Rose-John S, McElvaney NG. Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(6):643–654. PMID: 33872590 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213,2600(21)00103,X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franco DM, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Roqué I Figuls M, Montero Oleas NG, Nuvials X, Zamora J. Plasma interleukin-6 concentration for the diagnosis of sepsis in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;30;4(4):CD011811. PMID: 31038735 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011811.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franco DM, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Roqué I Figuls M, Montero Oleas NG, Nuvials X, Zamora J. Plasma interleukin-6 concentration for the diagnosis of sepsis in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;30;4(4):CD011811. PMID: 31038735 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011811.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mierzchała-Pasierb M, Lipińska-Gediga M. Sepsis diagnosis and monitoring , procalcitonin as standard, but what next? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2019;51(4):299–305. PMID: 31550871 https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2019.88104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mierzchała-Pasierb M, Lipińska-Gediga M. Sepsis diagnosis and monitoring , procalcitonin as standard, but what next? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2019;51(4):299–305. PMID: 31550871 https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2019.88104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linder MM, Wacha H, Feldmann U, Wesch G, Streifensand RA, Gundlach E. The Mannheim peritonitis index. An instrument for the intraoperative prognosis of peritonitis]. Chirurg. 1987;58(2):84–92. PMID: 3568820</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linder MM, Wacha H, Feldmann U, Wesch G, Streifensand RA, Gundlach E. The Mannheim peritonitis index. An instrument for the intraoperative prognosis of peritonitis]. Chirurg. 1987;58(2):84–92. PMID: 3568820</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, McKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. PMID: 3558716 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021,9681(87)90171,8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, McKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. PMID: 3558716 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021,9681(87)90171,8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis,3). JAMA. 2016;23;315(8):801–810. PMID: 26903338 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis,3). JAMA. 2016;23;315(8):801–810. PMID: 26903338 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney international supplements. 2012;2(1). Available at: https://kdigo.org/wp,content/uploads/2016/10/KDIGO,2012,AKI,Guideline,English.pdf [Accessed September 28, 2022]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney international supplements. 2012;2(1). Available at: https://kdigo.org/wp,content/uploads/2016/10/KDIGO,2012,AKI,Guideline,English.pdf [Accessed September 28, 2022]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГОСТ Р ИСО 16269-7-2004 Статистическое представление данных. Медиана. Определение точечной оценки и доверительных интервалов. Дата введения 2004-06-01. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200035332?ysclid=l797j7r44i406293902 [Дата обращения 28 сентября 2022 г.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOST R ISO 16269-7-2004 Statisticheskoe predstavlenie dannykh. Mediana. Opredelenie tochechnoy otsenki i doveritel’nykh intervalov. Data vvedeniya 2004-06-01. (In Russ.) Available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200035332?ysclid=l797j7r44i406293902 [Accessed Sep 28, 2022]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вельков В.В. Использование биомаркёра «Пресепсин» для ранней и высокоспецифичной диагностики сепсиса. Клинические рекомендации. Москва, 2014. URL: http://www.presepsintest.ru/upload/iblock/348/34881968fad4b85ab857a41431bde6db.pdf [Дата обращения: 28 сентября 2022 г.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vel’kov VV. Ispol’zovanie biomarkera “Presepsin” dlya ranney i vysokospetsifichnoy diagnostiki sepsisa. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Moscow, 2014. Available at: http://www.presepsintest.ru/upload/iblock/348/34881968fad4b85ab857a41431bde6db.pdf [Accessed Sep 28, 2022]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee S, Song J, Park DW, Seok H, Ahn S, Kim J, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin and procalcitonin in non-infectious organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock: a prospective observational study according to the Sepsis, 3 definitions. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;4;22(1):8. PMID: 34983420 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879,021,07012,8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee S, Song J, Park DW, Seok H, Ahn S, Kim J, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of presepsin and procalcitonin in non-infectious organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock: a prospective observational study according to the Sepsis, 3 definitions. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;4;22(1):8. PMID: 34983420 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879,021,07012,8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Memar MY, Baghi HB. Presepsin: A promising biomarker for the detection of bacterial infections. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:649–656. PMID: 30611989 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.124</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Memar MY, Baghi HB. Presepsin: A promising biomarker for the detection of bacterial infections. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:649–656. PMID: 30611989 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.124</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masson S, Caironi P, Fanizza C, Thomae R, Bernasconi R, Noto A, et al. Circulating presepsin (soluble CD14 subtype) as a marker of host response in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: data from the multicenter, randomized ALBIOS trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(1):12–20. PMID: 25319385 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134,014,3514,2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masson S, Caironi P, Fanizza C, Thomae R, Bernasconi R, Noto A, et al. Circulating presepsin (soluble CD14 subtype) as a marker of host response in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: data from the multicenter, randomized ALBIOS trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(1):12–20. PMID: 25319385 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134,014,3514,2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahveci U, Ozkan S, Melekoglu A, Usul E, Ozturk G, Cetin E, et al. The role of plasma presepsin levels in determining the incidence of septic shock and mortality in patients with sepsis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021;31;15(1):123–130. PMID: 33571154 https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12963</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahveci U, Ozkan S, Melekoglu A, Usul E, Ozturk G, Cetin E, et al. The role of plasma presepsin levels in determining the incidence of septic shock and mortality in patients with sepsis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021;31;15(1):123–130. PMID: 33571154 https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12963</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okamura Y, Thomae R. Usefulness of Presepsin Measurement: A New Biomarker for Sepsis. Rinsho Byori. 2015;63(1):62–71. PMID: 26524880</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okamura Y, Thomae R. Usefulness of Presepsin Measurement: A New Biomarker for Sepsis. Rinsho Byori. 2015;63(1):62–71. PMID: 26524880</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамов А.В., Зайцев Р.Р., Яковлев А.Ю. Способ контроля эффективности сорбции липополисахарида при проведении селективной липополисахаридной гемосорбции. Патент РФ на изобретение RU 2627653 C1, 09.08.2017. Бюл. № 22, заявлено 10.03.2016, опубликовано 09.08.2017 URL: https://patents.s3.yandex.net/RU2627653C1_20170809.pdf [Дата обращения 28 сентября 2022 г.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramov AV, Zaytsev RR, Yakovlev AYu. Sposob kontrolya effektivnosti sorbtsii lipopolisakharida pri provedenii selektivnoy lipopolisakharidnoy gemosorbtsii. Patent RF RU 2627653 C1, 09.08.2017. Bull. 22, decl. 10.03.2016, publ. 09.08.2017 (In Russ.) Available at: https://patents.s3.yandex.net/RU2627653C1_20170809.pdf [Accessed Sep 28, 2022]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yousif AS, Ronsard L, Shah P, Omatsu T, Sangesland M, Moreno TB, et al. The persistence of interleukin-6 is regulated by a blood buffer system derived from dendritic cells. Immunity. 2021;54(2):235–246. PMID: 33357409 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yousif AS, Ronsard L, Shah P, Omatsu T, Sangesland M, Moreno TB, et al. The persistence of interleukin-6 is regulated by a blood buffer system derived from dendritic cells. Immunity. 2021;54(2):235–246. PMID: 33357409 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rose-John S. IL-6 Trans-Signaling via the Soluble IL,6 Receptor: Importance for the Pro-Inflammatory Activities of IL-6. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(9):1237–1247. PMID: 23136552 https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.4989</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rose-John S. IL-6 Trans-Signaling via the Soluble IL,6 Receptor: Importance for the Pro-Inflammatory Activities of IL-6. Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(9):1237–1247. PMID: 23136552 https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.4989</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uciechowski P, Dempke WCM. Interleukin,6: A Masterplayer in the Cytokine Network. Oncology. 2020;98(3):131,137. PMID: 31958792 https://doi.org/10.1159/000505099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uciechowski P, Dempke WCM. Interleukin,6: A Masterplayer in the Cytokine Network. Oncology. 2020;98(3):131,137. PMID: 31958792 https://doi.org/10.1159/000505099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilkinson AN, Gartlan KH, Kelly G, Samson LD, Olver SD, Avery J, et al. Granulocytes Are Unresponsive to IL-6 Due to an Absence of gp130. J Immunol. 2018;200(10):3547–3555. PMID: 29626088 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1701191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilkinson AN, Gartlan KH, Kelly G, Samson LD, Olver SD, Avery J, et al. Granulocytes Are Unresponsive to IL-6 Due to an Absence of gp130. J Immunol. 2018;200(10):3547–3555. PMID: 29626088 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1701191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
