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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care"</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-9022</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8017</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23934/2223-9022-2024-13-1-88-98</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nmp-1795</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Бронхиальный лаваж в лечении тяжелой бронхолегочной патологии у взрослых. Подходы к классификации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bronchial Lavage in the Treatment of Severe Bronchopulmonary Pathology in Adults. Approaches to Classification</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-7031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бонитенко</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bonitenko</surname><given-names>E. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бонитенко Евгений Юрьевич - доктор медицинских наук, заместитель директора по развитию и инновационной деятельности ФГБУ «НКЦТ им. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России», главный научный сотрудник лаборатории разработки метода газожидкостной искусственной вентиляции легких ФГБНУ НИИ МТ.</p><p>105275, Москва, пр. Буденного, д. 31; 192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy U. Bonitenko - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Deputy Director for Development and Innovation Activities, S.N. Golikov Scientific and CCr of Toxicology; Chief Researcher of the Laboratory for the Development of a Method of Gas-Liquid Artificial Lung Ventilation, N.F. Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health.</p><p>31, Budyonnogo Ave., Moscow 105275; 1, Bekhtereva Str., St. Peterburg 192019</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eu_bonitenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-439X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щеголев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchegolev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щеголев Алексей Валерианович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, начальник кафедры (клиники) военной анестезиологии и реаниматологии ФГБВОУ ВО «ВМА им. С.М. Кирова», главный анестезиолог и реаниматолог Минобороны России.</p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Лебедева, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey V. Shchegolev - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department (Clinic) of Military Anesthesiology and Resuscitation of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy; Chief Anesthesiologist and Resuscitator of the Russian Ministry of Defense.</p><p>6, Akademika Lebedeva Str., St. Petersburg 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alekseischegolev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-8405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильев Сергей Анатольевич - доктор медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией разработки метода газожидкостной искусственной вентиляции легких, заведующий отделением реанимации и интенсивной терапии клиники ФГБНУ НИИ МТ.</p><p>105275, Москва, пр. Буденного, д. 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Vasilev - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Laboratory for the Development of a Method of Gas-Liquid Artificial Lung Ventilation, Head of the Department of Resuscitation and Intensive Care of the Clinic.</p><p>31, Budyonnogo Ave., Moscow 105275</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergei.a.vasilev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-8391</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белякова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyakova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белякова Наталия Александровна - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующая научно-исследовательским отделом ФГБУ «НКЦТ им. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России».</p><p>192019, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Бехтерева, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia A. Belyakova - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Research Department.</p><p>1, Bekhtereva Str., St. Peterburg 192019</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bna3316@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4352-3106</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмин Александр Иванович - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий эндоскопическим кабинетом клиники, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории разработки метода газожидкостной искусственной вентиляции легких ФГБНУ НИИ МТ.</p><p>105275, Москва, пр. Буденного, д. 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr I. Kuzmin - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Endoscopy Room at the Clinic, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory for the Development of a Method of Gas-Liquid Artificial Lung Ventilation.</p><p>31, Budyonnogo Ave., Moscow 105275</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzmin_99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-491X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколова Елизавета Дмитриевна - врач-эндоскопист эндоскопического кабинета клиники, научный сотрудник лаборатории разработки метода газожидкостной искусственной вентиляции легких ФГБНУ НИИ МТ.</p><p>105275, Москва, пр. Буденного, д. 31</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta D. Sokolova - Endoscopist of the Endoscopy Room of the Clinic, Researcher at the Laboratory for the Development of a Method of GasLiquid Artificial Lung Ventilation.</p><p>31, Budyonnogo Ave., Moscow 105275</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liza.sokol86@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»; ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени академика С.Н. Голикова Федерального медикобиологического агентства»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.F. Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health; S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» МО РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.F. Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени академика С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.N. Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бонитенко Е.Ю., Щеголев А.В., Васильев С.А., Белякова Н.А., Кузьмин А.И., Соколова Е.Д., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бонитенко Е.Ю., Щеголев А.В., Васильев С.А., Белякова Н.А., Кузьмин А.И., Соколова Е.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bonitenko E.U., Shchegolev A.V., Vasilev S.A., Belyakova N.A., Kuzmin A.I., Sokolova E.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/1795">https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/1795</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение В настоящее время бронхиальный лаваж (БЛ) широко используется в клинической практике для лечения тяжелой бронхолегочной патологии у взрослых. Однако показания и противопоказания к этой процедуре в полной мере не определены. Кроме того, в литературе не удалось найти классификацию как БЛ вообще, так и используемого с лечебной целью в частности, что существенно осложняет стандартизацию процедур его применения при различных заболеваниях.</p><p>Цель исследования На основании анализа литературных данных определить возможные классификационные признаки, а также показания, противопоказания для лечебного БЛ у взрослых и возможные осложнения, которые могут возникнуть.</p><p>Результаты Лечебный БЛ можно проводить как в плановом порядке, так и по жизненным показаниям. Показаниями для планового БЛ считаются: гнойные бронхиты, пневмонии, гнойно-деструктивные инфильтрации, а также хронические заболевания легких: бронхоэктазы, интерстициальные поражения. В свою очередь показанием к экстренному лечебному БЛ является прогрессирующая острая или хроническая дыхательная недостаточность, развивающаяся на почве бронхиальной обструкции. К подобным состояниям могут быть отнесены: массивное легочное кровотечение, острая обструкция бронхов слизью и гноем, послеоперационный ателектаз и гиповентиляция легких, аспирация желудочного содержимого, тяжелая бронхиальная астма, гнойная деструкция легких, острый респираторный дистресс-синдром, термохимические поражения дыхательных путей. Противопоказания к лечебному БЛ могут быть как абсолютные, так и относительные. Абсолютными противопоказаниями являются: непереносимость препаратов, применяемых для местной анестезии; декомпенсированная сердечная и (или) легочная недостаточность; острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения; разные виды аритмий; стеноз гортани и (или) трахеи II–III степени; нервно-психические заболевания; болевой синдром в брюшной полости; крайне тяжелое состояние больного, когда уточнение диагноза уже не может повлиять на лечебную тактику. К относительным противопоказаниям относят: острое респираторное заболевание верхних дыхательных путей; ишемическую болезнь сердца; тяжелый сахарный диабет; беременность (вторая половина); хронический алкоголизм; увеличение щитовидной железы III степени. Следует отметить, что большинство из абсолютных противопоказаний являются условными и при проведении БЛ по жизненным показаниям при соответствующем медикаментозном и техническом сопровождении не принимаются в расчет. Классификация БЛ, используемого в лечебных целях, может быть осуществлена по следующим признакам: методу санации; используемому доступу; уровню санации; санируемой зоне; объему и составу лаважного раствора. Обращает на себя внимание, что методики проведения процедур при различных состояниях и заболеваниях до настоящего времени остаются не регламентированными. Исключением является завершающая стадия процедуры лечебного БЛ в случае применения препаратов сурфактанта, стандартизация которой регламентирована утвержденными стандартными операционными процедурами. Следует также отметить, что промывание бронхов с лечебной целью обосновано с патологоанатомической и патофизиологической точек зрения, однако сопровождается серьезными, хотя и временными, изменениями в легких,избежать которых частично можно, совершенствуя технику проведения лаважа.</p><p>Заключение Все вышесказанное свидетельствует о том, что для решения существующих проблем необходимо проведение системных исследований в данном направлении с привлечением всех заинтересованных специалистов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction Currently, bronchial lavage (BL) is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of severe bronchopulmonary lesion in adults. However, indications and contraindications for this procedure are not fully defined. In addition, it was not possible to find in the literature a classification of either BL in general or used for therapeutic purposes in particular, which significantly complicates the standardization of procedures for its use in various diseases.</p><p>Aim of study To determine possible classification characteristics, as well as indications, contraindications for therapeutic BL in adults and possible complications that may arise, based on the analysis of literature data.</p><p>Results Therapeutic BL can be carried out both as planned and for health reasons. Indications for planned BL are purulent bronchitis, pneumonia, purulentdestructive infiltration, as well as chronic lung diseases: bronchiectasis, interstitial lesions. In turn, the indication for emergency therapeutic BL is progressive acute or chronic respiratory failure, developing due to bronchial obstruction. Such conditions may include massive pulmonary hemorrhage, acute obstruction of the bronchi with mucus and pus, postoperative atelectasis and hypoventilation of the lungs, aspiration of gastric contents, severe bronchial asthma, purulent destruction of the lungs, acute respiratory distress syndrome, thermochemical lesions of the respiratory tract. Contraindications to therapeutic BL can be both absolute and relative. Absolute contraindications are intolerance to drugs used for local anesthesia; decompensated heart and (or) pulmonary failure; acute cerebrovascular accident; various types of arrhythmias; stenosis of the larynx and (or) trachea II–III degree; neuropsychiatric diseases; pain syndrome in the abdominal cavity; extremely serious condition of the patient, when clarification of the diagnosis can no longer affect treatment tactics. Relative contraindications include acute respiratory disease of the upper respiratory tract; coronary artery disease; severe diabetes mellitus; pregnancy (second half); chronic alcoholism; grade III enlargement of the thyroid gland. It should be noted that most of the absolute contraindications are conditional and are not taken into account when performing BL according to vital indications with appropriate medical and technical support. Classification of BL used for medicinal purposes can be carried out according to the following criteria: method of sanitation; access used; level of sanitation; sanitized area; volume and composition of the lavage solution. It is noteworthy that the methods of carrying out procedures for various conditions and diseases still remain unregulated. An exception is the final stage of the therapeutic BL procedure in the case of the use of surfactant preparations, which standardization is regulated by approved standard operating procedures. It should also be noted that bronchial lavage for therapeutic purposes is justified from a pathoanatomical and pathophysiological point of view, but is accompanied by serious, albeit temporary, changes in the lungs, which can be partially avoided by improving the lavage technique.</p><p>Conclusion All of the above indicates that in order to solve existing problems, it is necessary to conduct systematic research in this direction with the involvement of all interested specialists.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальный лаваж</kwd><kwd>бронхоскопия</kwd><kwd>тяжелая бронхолегочная патология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial lavage</kwd><kwd>bronchoscopy</kwd><kwd>severe bronchopulmonary lesion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукомский Г.И., Шулутко М.Л., Виннер М.Г., Овчинников А.А. Бронхопульмонология. 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