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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care"</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-9022</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8017</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23934/2223-9022-2022-11-2-301-316</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nmp-1417</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидемиология медицинских ошибок и инцидентов в неотложной медицине</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology of Medical Errors and Incidents in Emergency Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2962-2818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Восканян</surname><given-names>Ю. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voskanyan</surname><given-names>Yu. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Восканян Юрий Эдуардович, - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры организации здравоохранения и общественного здоровья</p><p>Российская Федерация, 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury E. Voskanyan, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Department of Health Care Organization and Public Health</p><p>2/1, bldg. 1, Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voskanyanue_mmch@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Кафедра организации здравоохранения и общественного здоровья ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Department of Health Care Organization and Public Health Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>301</fpage><lpage>316</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Восканян Ю.Э., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Восканян Ю.Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voskanyan Y.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/1417">https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/1417</self-uri><abstract><p>АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ Вопросы управления качеством и безопасностью медицинской помощи приобрели особую актуальность в современном здравоохранении. Повышение клинической результативности используемых медицинских технологий привело к существенному сокращению числа смертей и осложнений, связанных с заболеванием и побочными эффектами вмешательств. В результате стала более заметной доля дополнительного вреда, связанного с самим процессом оказания медицинской помощи. Для уменьшения вероятности и тяжести дополнительного вреда необходимы точные данные, касающиеся вида, частоты и тяжести активных угроз и обусловленных ими инцидентов. Неотложная медицинская помощь (НМП) в этом отношении является предметом особого внимания и характеризуется наибольшей сложностью с точки зрения получения валидной и релевантной информации об отклонениях, связанных с действиями медицинских работников, работой оборудования и поведением больного.</p><p>ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Изучить основные эпидемиологические характеристики медицинских ошибок и инцидентов, связанных с оказанием НМП.</p><p>МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ Работа представляет собой обзор литературы с последующим аналитическим исследованием эпидемиологии инцидентов и предшествующих инцидентам активных угроз (в том числе медицинских ошибок) в различных сферах оказания НМП. Под термином «инцидент» авторы понимают происшествие с пациентом, в наибольшей степени связанное с процессом оказания медицинской помощи, чем с течением заболевания или сопутствующими состояниями, которое привело или могло привести к причинению дополнительного вреда. К активным угрозам были отнесены события, которые в последующем явились непосредственной причиной инцидента (медицинские ошибки и нарушения, ошибки и нарушения в поведении больного, аварийные ситуации в физической среде). Под «смертностью» от неблагоприятных событий авторы понимали долю умерших от неблагоприятных событий среди всех госпитализированных больных. Понятием «летальность», связанная с неблагоприятными событиями, авторы обозначали долю умерших от неблагоприятных событий среди всех больных с неблагоприятными событиями. Поиск информации проведен за период 1995–2021 гг. с использованием медицинских баз данных MEDLINE, Cochrane Collaboration, EMBASE, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science. Для анализа использованы проспективные и ретроспективные обсервационные исследования высокого методологического качества, метаанализы и систематические обзоры. Для статистической оценки частотных характеристик применялись показатели инциденса, преваленса и плотности инцидентности. Расчет обобщенных частотных показателей для больших выборок был проведен с указанием 95% доверительного интервала.</p><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ Эпидемиология медицинских ошибок и инцидентов зависит от области, в которой оказывается неотложная помощь. Для догоспитальной скорой медицинской помощи на каждые 100 выездов наблюдается 12,45 медицинских ошибки и 4,50 инцидентов с последствиями. В отделениях неотложной помощи один из 14 больных становится жертвой дополнительного вреда, который в 10,14% имеет тяжелые последствия, а в 3,18% случаев приводит к непредвиденной смерти. В отделениях интенсивной терапии и реанимации инциденты, связанные с оказанием медицинской помощи, регистрируются у каждого 3-го пациента в количестве 1,55 на одного больного. Из них 58,67% инцидентов сопровождается причинением вреда, но при этом суммарная летальность, связанная с инцидентами, составляет всего 0,77%. Преваленс больных с инцидентами при оказании анестезиологического пособия у детей почти в 2 раза выше, чем у взрослых (4,79% против 2,03%). В то же время летальность, обусловленная анестезиологическими инцидентами у детей, в 11 раз ниже, чем у взрослых (0,27% против 3,09%).</p><p>Автором обращено внимание на ряд факторов, способствующих развитию инцидентов при оказании НМП. К ним отнесены сложность среды, неоптимальная конфигурация рабочего пространства, сложность технологического интерфейса, последствия воздействия острого стресса на исполнителей и организационные уязвимости. Особая роль при этом отведена сложности среды, которая подробно изучена как с точки зрения сложности решаемых задач, так и с точки зрения препятствий решению задач. Показано, что интенсивность влияния различных компонентов сложности среды неодинакова в различных подразделениях, оказывающих неотложную помощь. Обращено особое внимание на то, что организационные уязвимости снижают эффективность протективных механизмов в ходе взаимодействия человеческого фактора со сложной средой.</p><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ Проведенное исследование показало, что оказание неотложной медицинской помощи сопряжено с умеренно высокими рисками развития инцидентов, в том числе с тяжелыми и критическими последствиями для пациентов. Главным фактором, способствующим развитию инцидентов, является сложность среды, противостояние которой значительно снижается при воздействии организационных уязвимостей. Идентификация и регистрация ошибок и инцидентов в подразделениях, оказывающих медицинскую помощь, затруднена в связи коротким временем контакта с больными, высокой скоростью обновления ситуации, постоянным воздействием хронических и острых стрессоров на персонал. В связи с этим оптимизация и повышение эффективности системы учета ошибок и инцидентов в отделениях, оказывающих неотложную медицинскую помощь, остается зоной улучшения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance the issues of patient care and quality management have acquired particular relevance in modern healthcare. Improvement in the clinical performance of medical technologies has led to a significant reduction in deaths and complications associated with the disease and side effects of interventions. As a result, the share of additional harm related to the process of providing medical services has become more noticeable. Accurate data regarding the type, frequency and severity of active threats and incidents they cause are needed to reduce the likelihood and severity of additional harm. In this respect, emergency medical care is the subject of special attention and is characterized by the greatest difficulty in terms of obtaining valid and relevant information about deviations associated with health worker performance, equipment operation and patient behavior.</p><p>The aim of the study was to explore the main epidemiological characteristics of medical errors and incidents associated with the provision of emergency medical care.</p><p>Material and methods We present a literature review followed by an analytical study of the epidemiology of incidents and active threats (including medical errors) that precede those incidents in various areas of emergency medical care. By an incident, the authors understood an event with a patient that was more related to the process of providing medical care than to the course of the disease or comorbid conditions which led or could lead to causing additional harm. Active threats included events that subsequently became the direct cause of the incident (medical errors and malpractice, mistakes and deviations in patient behavior, emergency situations in the physical environment). By the “mortality from adverse events”, the authors understood the proportion of deaths from adverse events among all hospitalized patients. By the concept of “lethality associated with adverse events”, the authors denoted the proportion of deaths from adverse events among all the patients affected by adverse events. The search for information was carried out for the period of 1995–2021 using the following medical databases: medline; cochrane collaboration; embase; scopus; isi web of science. For analysis, we used prospective and retrospective observational studies of high methodological quality, meta-analyses and systematic reviews. For the statistical evaluation of frequency characteristics, indicators of incidence, prevalence, and incidence density were used. The calculation of generalized frequency indicators for large samples was carried out with a 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Results The epidemiology of medical errors and incidents depends on the area in which emergency care is provided. For prehospital emergency medical care, there are 12.45 medical errors and 4.50 incidents with consequences for every 100 visits. In emergency departments, one in fourteen patients suffers additional harm which in 10.14% of cases has severe consequences, and in 3.18% of cases leads to unexpected death. In intensive care units, incidents related to the provision of medical care are recorded in every third patient in the amount of 1.55 per 1 patient. Of these, 58.67% of incidents are accompanied by harm, but the fatality associated with the incidents is only 0.77%. The prevalence of patients affected by incidents during the provision of anesthesia for children is almost 2 times higher than for adults (4.79% vs. 2.03%). At the same time, mortality due to anesthesia-related incidents in children is 11 times lower than in adults (0.27% versus 3.09%). The author draws attention to a number of factors contributing to the development of incidents during the provision of emergency medical care. These include environmental complexity, suboptimal configuration of the workspace, technological interface complexity, the effects of acute stress on performers, and organizational vulnerabilities. A special role was assigned to environmental complexity which was studied in detail both in terms of the complexity of the tasks being solved, and in connection with obstacles to solving problems. It was shown that the intensity of the influence of various components of environmental complexity is not the same in different departments providing emergency care. Particular attention was paid to the fact that organizational vulnerabilities reduce the effectiveness of protective mechanisms during the interaction of the human factor with a complex environment.</p><p>Conclusion The study showed that the provision of emergency medical care is associated with moderately high risks of incidents, including severe and critical consequences for patients. The main factor contributing to the development of incidents is environmental complexity which becomes much harder to counter under the influence of organizational vulnerabilities. Identification and registration of errors and incidents in units providing medical care is difficult due to the short time of contact with patients, the high speed of situation update, and the constant impact of chronic and acute stressors on staff. In this connection, the optimization and improvement of the efficiency of the system for recording errors and incidents in departments providing emergency medical care remains an area for improvement.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>безопасность медицинской помощи</kwd><kwd>неотложная медицинская помощь</kwd><kwd>неблагоприятные события</kwd><kwd>медицинские ошибки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>health care safety</kwd><kwd>emergency medical care</kwd><kwd>adverse events</kwd><kwd>incidents</kwd><kwd>medical errors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Hagan J, MacKinnon NJ, Persaud D, Echegaray E. Self-Reported Medical Errors in Seven Countries: Implications for Canada. Healthcare Q. 2009;12 Spec No Patient:55–61. 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