<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nmp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал им. Н.В. Склифосовского «Неотложная медицинская помощь»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Sklifosovsky Journal "Emergency Medical Care"</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-9022</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8017</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23934/2223-9022-2021-10-4-778-786</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nmp-1283</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИКУЮЩЕМУ ВРАЧУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOR PRACTICING PHYSICIANS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Онкологические заболевания как фактор риска криптогенного инсульта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Oncologic Diseases as a Risk Factor for Cryptogenic Stroke</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6824-4114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рамазанов</surname><given-names>Г. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ramazanov</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий научным отделением неотложной неврологии и восстановительного лечения,</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Scientific Department of Emergency Neurology and  Rehabilitation Treatment,</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ramazanovgr@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-1417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший преподаватель учебного отдела, врач-невролог неврологического отделения для больных с острыми нарушениями мозгового кровообращения с палатой реанимации и интенсивной терапии,</p><p>129090, Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Educational Department, Neurologist of the  Neurological Department for Patients With Acute Cerebrovascular Accidents,</p><p>3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, Moscow 129090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovalevaea@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-0762</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамалов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamalov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, директор Института цереброваскулярной патологии и инсульта,</p><p>117513, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Director of the Institute of Cerebrovascular Disorders and Stroke, Chief Freelance Neurologist of the Moscow Department of Health,</p><p>1, bld. 10 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117513</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shamalovn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского ДЗМ»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of the Moscow Healthcare Department<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» ФМБА России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies FMBA of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>778</fpage><lpage>786</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рамазанов Г.Р., Ковалева Э.А., Шамалов Н.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рамазанов Г.Р., Ковалева Э.А., Шамалов Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ramazanov G.R., Kovaleva E.A., Shamalov N.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/1283">https://www.jnmp.ru/jour/article/view/1283</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Острые нарушения мозгового кровообращения в целом, и ишемический инсульт (ИИ) в частности, являются мультифакториальными заболеваниями с чрезвычайно гетерогенными и многочисленными факторами риска. В настоящее время, несмотря на развитие диагностических технологий, приблизительно у 25% пациентов с ИИ не удается установить причины и механизм развития такового (так называемый криптогенный инсульт (КИ)), в результате чего остается неясной оптимальная антитромботическая терапия в качестве вторичной профилактики в этой группе пациентов. Установлено, что у 10—20% пациентов с КИ при детальном обследовании выявляют онкологическое заболевание (ОЗ). Весьма вероятно, что распространенность ИИ, связанного с ОЗ, будет увеличиваться. Национальный онкологический регистр США показал снижение летальности у пациентов с наиболее распространенными формами ОЗ (рак легких, груди и простаты). Активное ОЗ является доказанным фактором риска как ИИ, так и других тромботических событий. Тем не менее около 50% ИИ у пациентов с ОЗ классифицируют как криптогенные, что значительно превышает данный показатель у пациентов без онкологической патологии. Это связано со сложностями прижизненной диагностики патогенетического механизма ИИ у больных с ОЗ.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Повышение информированности врачей-неврологов о причинах, патогенетических механизмах развития и методах диагностики ИИ у пациентов с ОЗ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели были проанализированы результаты научных исследований, посвященных ОЗ как фактору риска КИ. Поиск литературы проводили в электронных поисковых системах Scopus, eLibrary, PubMed по ключевым словам: ишемический инсульт, криптогенный инсульт, онкологическое заболевание, патогенез ишемического инсульта. Для анализа были отобраны научные статьи, опубликованные в период с 1856 по 2021 год. 45% проанализированных работ, посвященных теме КИ, опубликованы не более 5 лет назад.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Причиной развития ишемического инсульта может быть как сам онкологический процесс, так и средства и методы лечения такового. Несмотря на то что у 10—20% пациентов с криптогенным инсультом выявляют онкологическое заболевание, в настоящее время остается открытым вопрос, должны ли пациенты с криптогенным ишемическим инсультом проходить скрининг на скрытую онкологическую патологию, и если да, то в каком объеме. Типичными радиологическими паттернами ишемического инсульта у больных с онкологическими заболеваниями являются множественные очаги острой церебральной ишемии в разных сосудистых бассейнах, которые могут указывать на кардиоэмболическую природу и в частности небактериальный тромботический эндокардит. Прижизненная диагностика причин криптогенного инсульта у пациентов с онкологической патологией крайне сложна. Так как одной из ведущих причин криптогенного инсульта на фоне онкологического заболевания является небактериальный тромботический эндокардит, целесообразно выполнение чреспищеводной эхокардиографии в связи с низкой чувствительностью трансторакальной эхокардиографии. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Acute cerebrovascular accidents in general, and ischemic stroke (IS) in particular, are multifactorial diseases with extremely heterogeneous and numerous risk factors. Currently, despite the development of diagnostic technologies, in approximately 25% of patients with IS, it is not possible to establish the causes and mechanism of its development (the so-called cryptogenic stroke (CS)). As a result, the optimal antithrombotic therapy as a secondary prevention in this group of patients remains unclear. It was found that in 10–20% of patients with CS, a detailed examination reveals oncological disease (OD). It is highly likely that the prevalence of OD-related IS will increase. The US National Cancer Registry has shown a decrease in mortality in patients with the most common forms of OD (lung, breast and prostate cancer). Active OD is a proven risk factor for both IS and other thrombotic events. Nevertheless, about 50% of IS in patients with OD are classified as cryptogenic, which significantly exceeds this indicator in patients without OD. This is associated with the difficulties of intravital diagnosis of the pathogenetic mechanism of IS in patients with OD.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim of study</title><p>Aim of study. Raising the awareness of neurologists about the causes, pathogenetic mechanisms of development and methods of diagnosing IS in patients with OD.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the results of scientific research on OD as a risk factor for CS were analyzed. The literature search was carried out in electronic search engines Scopus, eLibrary, PubMed by keywords: ischemic stroke, cryptogenic stroke, cancer, pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Scientific articles published between 1856 and 2021 were selected for analysis, 45% of the analyzed papers on the topic of CS were published not earlier than 5 years ago.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The cause of the development of ischemic stroke can be both the oncological process itself and the means and methods of treating it. Despite the fact that in 10–20% of patients with cryptogenic stroke OD is diagnosed, the question remains whether patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke should be screened for latent oncological pathology, and if so, how full should the screening be. Typical radiological patterns of ischemic stroke in patients with OD are multiple foci of acute cerebral ischemia in different vascular areas, which may indicate a cardioembolic nature and, in particular, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Lifetime diagnosis of the causes of cryptogenic stroke in patients with OD is extremely difficult. Since nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is one of the leading causes of cryptogenic stroke in the setting of cancer, it is advisable to perform transesophageal echocardiography due to the low sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ишемический инсульт</kwd><kwd>криптогенный инсульт</kwd><kwd>онкологическое заболевание</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ischemic stroke</kwd><kwd>cryptogenic stroke</kwd><kwd>oncologic disease</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis of ischemic stroke</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O’Donnell MJ, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(4):429–438. PMID: 24646875 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O’Donnell MJ, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(4):429–438. PMID: 24646875 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams Jr HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41. PMID: 7678184 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams Jr HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41. PMID: 7678184 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harloff A, Schlachetzki F. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(10):986– 987. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1802686</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harloff A, Schlachetzki F. Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(10):986– 987. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1802686</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, et.al. Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(200):1906–1917. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1813959</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, et al. Dabigatran for Prevention of Stroke after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(200):1906–1917. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1813959</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AtRial cardiopathy and antithrombotic drugs in prevention after cryptogenic stroke (ARCADIA). 2020. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03192215. [Accessed Jul 09,2021]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AtRial cardiopathy and antithrombotic drugs in prevention after cryptogenic stroke (ARCADIA). 2020. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03192215. [Accessed Jul 09,2021]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apixaban for Treatment of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ATTICUS). 2020. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427126 [Accessed Jul 09.2021]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apixaban for Treatment of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ATTICUS). 2020. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427126 [Accessed Jul 09, 2021]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, Sirimarco G, Strambo D, Eskandari A, et al. Prevalence and overlap of potential embolic sources in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8: e012858. PMID: 31364451 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012858</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ntaios G, Perlepe K, Lambrou D, Sirimarco G, Strambo D, Eskandari A, et al. Prevalence and overlap of potential embolic sources in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8: e012858. PMID: 31364451 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012858</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim SJ, Park JH, Lee MJ, Park YG, Ahn MJ, Bang OY. Clues to occult cancer in patients with ischemic stroke. PLoS One. 2012;(9)7:e44959. PMID: 22984594 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044959</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim SJ, Park JH, Lee MJ, Park YG, Ahn MJ, Bang OY. Clues to occult cancer in patients with ischemic stroke. PLoS One. 2012;(9)7:e44959. PMID: 22984594 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044959</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graus F, Rogers LR, Posner JM. Cerebrovascular complication in patients with cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 1985;64(1):16–35. PMID: 3965856 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198501000-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graus F, Rogers LR, Posner JM. Cerebrovascular complication in patients with cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 1985;64(1):16–35. PMID: 3965856 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198501000-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gon Y, Okazaki S, Terasaki Y, Sasaki T, Yoshimine T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Characteristics of cryptogenic stroke in cancer patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3(4):280–287. PMID: 27081658 https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.291</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gon Y, Okazaki S, Terasaki Y, Sasaki T, Yoshimine T, Sakaguchi M, et al. Characteristics of cryptogenic stroke in cancer patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3(4):280–287. PMID: 27081658 https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.291</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen PC, Muo CH, Lee YT, Yu YH, Sung FC. Lung cancer and incidence of stroke: a population – based cohort study. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3034–3039. PMID: 21903961 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615534</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen PC, Muo CH, Lee YT, Yu YH, Sung FC. Lung cancer and incidence of stroke: a population – based cohort study. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3034–3039. PMID: 21903961 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615534</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Kasner SE, Elkind MSV, Cushman M, Bang OY, DeAngelis LM. Cancer and Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Stroke. 2021;52(3):1121–1130. PMID: 33504187 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Kasner SE, Elkind MSV, Cushman M, Bang OY, DeAngelis LM. Cancer and Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source. Stroke. 2021;52(3):1121–1130. PMID: 33504187 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welch HG, Kramer BS, Black WC. Epidemiologic signatures in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(14):1378–1386. PMID: 31577882 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1905447</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welch HG, Kramer BS, Black WC. Epidemiologic signatures in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(14):1378–1386. PMID: 31577882 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1905447</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howlader N, Forjaz G, Mooradian MJ, Meza R, Kong CY, Cronin KA, et al. The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(7):640–649. PMID: 32786189 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howlader N, Forjaz G, Mooradian MJ, Meza R, Kong CY, Cronin KA, et al. The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(7):640–649. PMID: 32786189 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Howard G, Howard VJ, Zhao H, Judd SE, Elkind MSV, et al. New diagnosis of cancer and the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events. Neurology. 2018;90(23):e2025–e2033. PMID: 29728524 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005636</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Howard G, Howard VJ, Zhao H, Judd SE, Elkind MSV, et al. New diagnosis of cancer and the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events. Neurology. 2018;90(23):e2025–e2033. PMID: 29728524 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005636</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Reiner AS, Kamel H, Iadecola C, Okin PM, Elkind MSV, et al. Risk of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(8):926–938. PMID: 28818202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Reiner AS, Kamel H, Iadecola C, Okin PM, Elkind MSV, et al. Risk of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(8):926–938. PMID: 28818202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Singer S, Merkler AE, Cheng NT, Stone JB, Kamel H, et al. Cryptogenic subtype predicts reduced survival among cancer patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2292–2297. PMID: 24994717 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005784</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Singer S, Merkler AE, Cheng NT, Stone JB, Kamel H, et al. Cryptogenic subtype predicts reduced survival among cancer patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2292–2297. PMID: 24994717 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005784</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart RG, Catanese L, Perera KS, Ntaios G, Connolly SJ. Embolic stroke of undetermined source: a systematic review and clinical update. Stroke. 2017;48(4):867–872. PMID: 28265016 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016414</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart RG, Catanese L, Perera KS, Ntaios G, Connolly SJ. Embolic stroke of undetermined source: a systematic review and clinical update. Stroke. 2017;48(4):867–872. PMID: 28265016 https://doi.org/ 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016414</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, DeAngelis LM, Segal AZ. Multifocal strokes as the presentation of occult lung cancer. J Neurooncol. 2007;85(3):307–309. PMID: 17611718 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-007-9419-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, DeAngelis LM, Segal AZ. Multifocal strokes as the presentation of occult lung cancer. J Neurooncol. 2007;85(3):307–309. PMID: 17611718 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-007-9419-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Kawaguchi K, Hriljac I, Lavi E, DeAngelis LM, Jamieson DG. Multifocal stroke from tumor emboli. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1174– 1175. PMID: 19752313 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Kawaguchi K, Hriljac I, Lavi E, DeAngelis LM, Jamieson DG. Multifocal stroke from tumor emboli. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1174– 1175. PMID: 19752313 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Struhal W. Stroke and cancer: a review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;119(1):1–16. PMID: 18616624 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01059.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Struhal W. Stroke and cancer: a review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;119(1):1–16. PMID: 18616624 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01059.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Reiner AS, Kamel H, Iadecola C, Okin PM, Tagawa ST, et al. Arterial thromboembolic events preceding the diagnosis of cancer in older persons. Blood. 2019;133(8):781–789. PMID: 30578253 https://doi.org/ 10.1182/blood-2018-06-860874</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Reiner AS, Kamel H, Iadecola C, Okin PM, Tagawa ST, et al. Arterial thromboembolic events preceding the diagnosis of cancer in older persons. Blood. 2019;133(8):781–789. PMID: 30578253 https:// doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-06-860874</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selvik HA, Bjerkreim AT, Thomassen L, Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Kvistad CE. When to screen ischaemic stroke patients for cancer. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;45(1-2):42–47. PMID: 29402826 https://doi.org/10.1159/000484668</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selvik HA, Bjerkreim AT, Thomassen L, Waje-Andreassen U, Naess H, Kvistad CE. When to screen ischaemic stroke patients for cancer. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;45(1-2):42–47. PMID: 29402826 https://doi.org/10.1159/000484668</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gon Y, Sakaguchi M, Takasugi J, Kawano T, Kanki H, Watanabe A, et al. Plasma D-dimer levels and ischaemic lesions in multiple vascular regions can predict occult cancer in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(3):503–508. PMID: 28026909 https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13234</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gon Y, Sakaguchi M, Takasugi J, Kawano T, Kanki H, Watanabe A, et al. Plasma D-dimer levels and ischaemic lesions in multiple vascular regions can predict occult cancer in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(3):503–508. PMID: 28026909 https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13234</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cocho D, Gendre J, Boltes A, Espinosa J, Ricciardi AC, Pons J, et al. Predictors of occult cancer in acute ischemic stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(6):1324–1328. PMID: 25881772 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cocho D, Gendre J, Boltes A, Espinosa J, Ricciardi AC, Pons J, et al. Predictors of occult cancer in acute ischemic stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(6):1324–1328. PMID: 25881772 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.02.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Singer S, Merkler AE, Cheng NT, Stone JB, Kamel H, et al. Cryptogenic subtype predicts reduced survival among cancer patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2292–2297. PMID: 24994717 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005784</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Singer S, Merkler AE, Cheng NT, Stone JB, Kamel H, et al. Cryptogenic subtype predicts reduced survival among cancer patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2292-2297. PMID: 24994717 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005784</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bang OY, Chung JW, Lee MJ, Seo WK, Kim GM, Ahn MJ, et al. CancerRelated Stroke: An Emerging Subtype of Ischemic Stroke with Unique Pathomechanisms. Stroke. 2020;22(1):1–10 PMID: 32027788 https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2019.02278</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bang OY, Chung JW, Lee MJ, Seo WK, Kim GM, Ahn MJ, et al. CancerRelated Stroke: An Emerging Subtype of Ischemic Stroke with Unique Pathomechanisms. Stroke. 2020;22(1):1–10 PMID: 32027788 https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2019.02278</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Ueno Y, Inoue T. Ischaemic stroke with malignancy may often be caused by paradoxical embolism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1336–1339. PMID: 16847046 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.092940</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Kobayashi K, Ueno Y, Inoue T. Ischaemic stroke with malignancy may often be caused by paradoxical embolism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:1336–1339. PMID: 16847046 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.092940</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khorana AA, Dalal M, Lin J, Connolly GC. Incidence and predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among ambulatory high-risk cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in the United States. Cancer. 2013;119(3):648–655. PMID: 22893596 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27772</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khorana AA, Dalal M, Lin J, Connolly GC. Incidence and predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among ambulatory high-risk cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in the United States. Cancer. 2013;119(3):648–655. PMID: 22893596 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27772</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson CM, Rodgers LR. Analysis of the autopsy records of 157 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas with particular reference to the incidence of thromboembolism. Am J Med Sci. 1952;223:469–478. PMID: 14923654 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-195205000-00001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson CM, Rodgers LR. Analysis of the autopsy records of 157 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas with particular reference to the incidence of thromboembolism. Am J Med Sci. 1952;223:469–478. PMID: 14923654 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-195205000-00001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkova M, Russell R 3rd. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2011;7(4):214–220. PMID: 22758622. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340311799960645</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova M, Russell R 3rd. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2011;7(4):214–220. PMID: 22758622. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340311799960645</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim SG, Hong JM, Kim HY, Lee J, Chung PW, Park KY, et al. Ischemic stroke in cancer patients with and without conventional mechanisms: a multicenter study in Korea. Stroke. 2010;41:798–801. PMID: 20150545 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571356</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim SG, Hong JM, Kim HY, Lee J, Chung PW, Park KY, et al. Ischemic stroke in cancer patients with and without conventional mechanisms: a multicenter study in Korea. Stroke. 2010;41:798–801. PMID:20150545 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571356</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwarzbach CJ, Schaefer A, Ebert A, Held V, Bolognese M, Kablau M, et al. Stroke and cancer: the importance of cancer – associated hypercoagulation as a possible stroke etiology. Stroke. 2012;43:3029–3034. PMID: 22996958 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.658625</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwarzbach CJ, Schaefer A, Ebert A, Held V, Bolognese M, Kablau M, et al. Stroke and cancer: the importance of cancer – associated hypercoagulation as a possible stroke etiology. Stroke. 2012;43:3029–3034. PMID: 22996958 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.658625</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheng B, Fong MK, Chu YP, Cheong AP, Teng SK, Chu JP, et al. Stroke and cancer: misfortunes never come singularly. Int J Stroke. 2013;8:E30. PMID: 23879755 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12071</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheng B, Fong MK, Chu YP, Cheong AP, Teng SK, Chu JP, et al. Stroke and cancer: misfortunes never come singularly. Int J Stroke. 2013;8:E30. PMID: 23879755 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12071</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Virchow R. Gesammalte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medtzin. Frankfurt, Germany: Medinger Sohn; 1856.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virchow R. Gesammalte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medtzin. Frankfurt, Germany: Medinger Sohn; 1856.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Von Tempelhoff GF, Heilmann L, Hommel G, Pollow K. Impact of rheological variables in cancer. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003;29(5):499– 513. PMID: 14631550 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-44641</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Von Tempelhoff GF, Heilmann L, Hommel G, Pollow K. Impact of rheological variables in cancer. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003;29(5):499– 513. PMID: 14631550 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-44641</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humphreys WV, Walker A, Charlesworth D. Altered viscosity and yield stress in patients with abdominal malignancy: relationship to deep vein thrombosis. Br J Surg. 1976;63(7):559–561. PMID: 953452 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800630715</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humphreys WV, Walker A, Charlesworth D. Altered viscosity and yield stress in patients with abdominal malignancy: relationship to deep vein thrombosis. Br J Surg. 1976;63(7):559–561. PMID:953452 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800630715</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blann AD, Dunmore S. Arterial and venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Cardiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:394740. PMID: 21403876 https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/394740</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blann AD, Dunmore S. Arterial and venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Cardiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:394740. PMID: 21403876 https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/394740</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefan O, Vera N, Otto B, Heinz L, Wolfgang G. Stroke in cancer patients: a risk factor analysis. J Neurooncol. 2009;94(2):221–226. PMID: 19280119 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-009-9818-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefan O, Vera N, Otto B, Heinz L, Wolfgang G. Stroke in cancer patients: a risk factor analysis. J Neurooncol. 2009;94(2):221–226. PMID: 19280119 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-009-9818-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bang OY, Chung JW, Lee MJ, Kim SJ, Cho YH, Kim GM, et al. Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles are associated with coagulopathy causing ischemic stroke via tissue factor-independent way: the OASISCANCER study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0159170. PMID: 27427978 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bang OY, Chung JW, Lee MJ, Kim SJ, Cho YH, Kim GM, et al. Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles are associated with coagulopathy causing ischemic stroke via tissue factor-independent way: the OASISCANCER study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0159170. PMID: 27427978 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chung JW, Cho YH, Ahn MJ, Lee MJ, Kim GM, Chung CS, et al. Association of cancer cell type and extracellular vesicles with coagulopathy in patients with lung cancer and stroke. Stroke. 2018;49(5):1282–1285. PMID: 2961026 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.020995</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chung JW, Cho YH, Ahn MJ, Lee MJ, Kim GM, Chung CS, et al. Association of cancer cell type and extracellular vesicles with coagulopathy in patients with lung cancer and stroke. Stroke. 2018;49(5):1282–1285. PMID: 2961026 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.020995</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thålin C, Demers M, Blomgren B, Wong SL, von Arbin M, von Heijne A, et al. NETosis promotes cancer-associated arterial microthrombosis presenting as ischemic stroke with troponin elevation. Thromb Res. 2016;139:56–64. PMID: 26916297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2016.01.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thålin C, Demers M, Blomgren B, Wong SL, von Arbin M, von Heijne A, et al. NETosis promotes cancer-associated arterial microthrombosis presenting as ischemic stroke with troponin elevation. Thromb Res. 2016;139:56–64. PMID: 26916297 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2016.01.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park H, Kim J, Ha J, Hwang IG, Song TJ, Yoo J, et al. Histological features of intracranial thrombi in stroke patients with cancer. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(1):143–149. PMID: 31025392 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25495</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park H, Kim J, Ha J, Hwang IG, Song TJ, Yoo J, et al. Histological features of intracranial thrombi in stroke patients with cancer. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(1):143–149. PMID: 31025392 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25495</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falanga A, Marchetti M, Vignoli A. Coagulation and cancer: biological and clinical aspects. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(2):223–233. PMID: 23279708 https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falanga A, Marchetti M, Vignoli A. Coagulation and cancer: biological and clinical aspects. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(2):223–233. PMID: 23279708 https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.12075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navi BB, Mathias R, Sherman CP, Wolfe J, Kamel H, Tagawa ST, et al. Cancer-related ischemic stroke has a distinct blood mRNA expression profile. Stroke. 2019;50(11):3259–3264. PMID: 31510897 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navi BB, Mathias R, Sherman CP, Wolfe J, Kamel H, Tagawa ST, et al. Cancer-related ischemic stroke has a distinct blood mRNA expression profile. Stroke. 2019;50(11):3259–3264. PMID: 31510897 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoo J, Choi JK, Kim YD, Nam HS, Park H, Lee HS, et al. Outcome of Stroke Patients with Cancer and Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis. Stroke. 2020;22(2):245–253. PMID: 32635688 https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2020.00619</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoo J, Choi JK, Kim YD, Nam HS, Park H, Lee HS, et al. Outcome of Stroke Patients with Cancer and Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis. Stroke. 2020;22(2):245–253. PMID: 32635688 https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2020.00619</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seok JM, Kim SG, Kim JW, Chung CS, Kim GM, Lee KH, et al. Coagulopathy and embolic signal in cancer patients with ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:213–219. PMID: 32635688 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seok JM, Kim SG, Kim JW, Chung CS, Kim GM, Lee KH, et al. Coagulopathy and embolic signal in cancer patients with ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:213–219. PMID: 32635688 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merkler AE, Navi BB, Singer S, Cheng NT, Stone JB, Kamel H, et al. Diagnostic yield of echocardiography in cancer patients with ischemic stroke. J Neurooncol. 2015;123:115–121. PMID: 25851114 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-015-1768-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkler AE, Navi BB, Singer S, Cheng NT, Stone JB, Kamel H, et al. Diagnostic yield of echocardiography in cancer patients with ischemic stroke. J Neurooncol. 2015;123:115–121. PMID: 25851114 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-015-1768-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurrell H, Roberts-Thomson R, Prendergast BD. Non-infective endocarditis. Heart. 2020;106(13):1023–1029. PMID: 32376608 https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315204</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurrell H, Roberts-Thomson R, Prendergast BD. Non-infective endocarditis. Heart. 2020;106(13):1023–1029. PMID: 32376608 https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315204</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinter N, Christesen AMS, Fenger-Grøn M, Tjønneland A, Frost L. Atrial fibrillation and risk of cancer: a Danish population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(17):e009543. PMID: 30371150 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009543</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinter N, Christesen AMS, Fenger-Grøn M, Tjønneland A, Frost L. Atrial fibrillation and risk of cancer: a Danish population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7(17):e009543. PMID: 30371150 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009543</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitma AA, Varghese JG, Witt D, Zarich SW. Stroke and a valvular lesion in a patient with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016215317. PMID: 27247207 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-215317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitma AA, Varghese JG, Witt D, Zarich SW. Stroke and a valvular lesion in a patient with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016215317. PMID: 27247207 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-215317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002;420(6917):860– 867. PMID: 12490959 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01322</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002;420(6917):860– 867. PMID: 12490959 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01322</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Libby P. Inflammatory mechanisms: the molecular basis of inflammation and disease. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(12 Pt 2):S140–146. PMID: 18240538 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00352.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libby P. Inflammatory mechanisms: the molecular basis of inflammation and disease. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(12 Pt 2):S140–146. PMID: 18240538 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00352.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2005;96(9):939–949. PMID: 15890981 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000163635.62927.34</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2005;96(9):939–949. PMID: 15890981 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000163635.62927.34</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frayn K, Bernard S, Spalding K, Arner P. Adipocyte triglyceride turnover is independently associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e003467. PMID: 23316323 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.112.003467</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frayn K, Bernard S, Spalding K, Arner P. Adipocyte triglyceride turnover is independently associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e003467. PMID: 23316323 https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.112.003467</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Quiroz Y, Johnson RJ. The immunological basis of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(11):1327–1337. PMID: 25150828 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Quiroz Y, Johnson RJ. The immunological basis of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(11):1327–1337. PMID: 25150828 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpu142</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation. 2002;106(16):2067–2072. PMID: 12379575 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000034509.14906.ae</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, et al. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation. 2002;106(16):2067–2072. PMID: 12379575 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000034509.14906.ae</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campen CJ, Kranick SM, Kasner SE, Kessler SK, Zimmerman RA, Lustig R, et al. Cranial irradiation increases risk of stroke in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Stroke. 2012;43:3035–3040. PMID: 22968468 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661561</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campen CJ, Kranick SM, Kasner SE, Kessler SK, Zimmerman RA, Lustig R, et al. Cranial irradiation increases risk of stroke in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Stroke. 2012;43:3035–3040. PMID: 22968468 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661561</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu J, Cao Y. Radiation-induced carotid artery stenosis: a comprehensive review of the literature. Interv Neurol. 2014;2(4):183–192. PMID: 25337087 https://doi.org/10.1159/000363068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu J, Cao Y. Radiation-induced carotid artery stenosis: a comprehensive review of the literature. Interv Neurol. 2014;2(4):183–192. PMID: 25337087 https://doi.org/10.1159/000363068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramos-Casals M, Brahmer JR, Callahan MK, Flores-Chávez A, Keegan N, Khamashta MA, et al. Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):38. PMID: 32382051 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0160-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramos-Casals M, Brahmer JR, Callahan MK, Flores-Chávez A, Keegan N, Khamashta MA, et al. Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):38. PMID: 32382051 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-0160-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, et al. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease. N Engl J. 2017;377(12):1119–1131. PMID: 28845751 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1707914</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, et al. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease. N Engl J. 2017;377(12):1119–1131. PMID: 28845751 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1707914</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee MJ, Chung JW, Ahn MJ, Kim S, Seok JM, Jang HM, et al. Hypercoagulability and mortality of patients with stroke and active cancer: the OASIS-CANCER study. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):77–87. PMID: 28030894 https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00570</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee MJ, Chung JW, Ahn MJ, Kim S, Seok JM, Jang HM, et al. Hypercoagulability and mortality of patients with stroke and active cancer: the OASIS-CANCER study. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):77–87. PMID: 28030894 https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00570</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, Carrier M, Di Nisio M, Garcia D, et al. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:615–624. PMID: 29231094 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1711948</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, Carrier M, Di Nisio M, Garcia D, et al. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:615–624. PMID: 29231094 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1711948</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, Muñoz A, Huisman MV, Connors JM, et al.; Caravaggio Investigators. Apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1599–1607. PMID: 32223112 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, Muñoz A, Huisman MV, Connors JM, et al.; Caravaggio Investigators. Apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1599–1607. PMID: 32223112 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1915103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edoxaban for the treatment of coagulopathy in patients with active cancer and acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. (ENCHASE Study) (ENCHASE). 2018. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03570281 [Accessed Jul 09.2021]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edoxaban for the treatment of coagulopathy in patients with active cancer and acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. (ENCHASE Study) (ENCHASE). 2018. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03570281 [Accessed Jul 09, 2021]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrier M, Lazo-Langner A, Shivakumar S, Tagalakis V, Zarychanski R, Solymoss S, et al. Screening for occult cancer in unprovoked venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:697–704. PMID: 26095467 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrier M, Lazo-Langner A, Shivakumar S, Tagalakis V, Zarychanski R, Solymoss S, et al. Screening for occult cancer in unprovoked venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:697–704. PMID: 26095467 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
